Louis Riel, a leader of his people in their resistance against the Canadian government in the Canadian Northwest, is perhaps
the most controversial figure in Canadian historiography. His life and deeds have spawned a massive and diverse literature.

He was born in the Red River Settlement (in what is now Manitoba) in 1844.  A promising student, he was sent to Montreal to
train for the priesthood, but he never graduated.  An attempt at training as a lawyer ended similarly, and by 1868 Riel was back
in the Red River area.  Ambitious, well educated and bilingual, Riel quickly emerged as a leader among the Métis of the Red
River. In 1869-1870 Riel headed a provisional government, which would eventually negotiate the Manitoba Act with the
Canadian government.  The Act established Manitoba as a province and provided some protection for French language rights.

Riel's leadership in the agitation, especially his decision to execute a Canadian named Thomas Scott, enraged anti-Catholic and
anti-French sentiment in Ontario.  Although chosen for a seat in the House of Commons on three occasions, he was unable to
take his seat in the house. In 1875, Riel's role in the death of Scott resulted in his exile from Canada.  These years in exile would
include stays in two Quebec asylums and the growing belief in Riel that he had a religious mission to lead the Métis people of the
Canadian northwest.

In 1884, while teaching in Montana at a Jesuit mission, Riel was asked by a delegation from the community of Métis from the
south branch of the Saskatchewan River to present their grievances to the Canadian government.  Despite Riel's assistance, the
federal government ignored Métis concerns.  By March of 1885, Métis patience was exhausted and a provisional government
was declared.

Riel was the undisputed spiritual and political head of the short-lived 1885 Rebellion.  He never carried arms and hindered the work of his military head, Gabriel Dumont. 
Riel was increasingly influenced by his belief that he was chosen to lead the Métis people.  On May 15, shortly after the fall of Batoche, Riel surrendered to Canadian
forces and was taken to Regina to stand trial for treason.

At his trial, Riel gave two long speeches which demonstrated his powerful rhetorical abilities.  He personally rejected attempts by his defense counsel to prove he was
not guilty by reason of insanity.  On 1 August 1885, a jury of six English-speaking Protestants found Riel guilty but recommended mercy.  Judge Hugh Richardson
sentenced him to death.  Attempted appeals were dismissed and a special re-examination of Riel's mental state by government appointed doctors found him sane. 
He was hanged in Regina on 16 November 1885.  His execution was widely opposed in Quebec and had lasting political ramifications.

Photo courtesy Saskatchewan Archives Board.

Page information courtesy of Northwest Resistance library  http://library2.usask.ca/northwest/contents.html